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HOW THE CHURCH LOST THE WAY ... AND HOW IT CAN FIND IT AGAIN
by Steve Maltz

Tackling the ‘uncomfortable truth’ for the Church, this book packs a heavyweight punch in a lightweight package. With great clarity and style the author explains how the Church has been strangled by its past and how the faith in Jesus Christ was infiltrated by pagan ideas from Greek philosophy that have remained to this day. This book exposes and explains how this affects our understanding of the Bible, God, Church and everything in-between. In this provocative, entertaining and encouraging book, we will explore our true roots and discover practical keys to move forwards.

WARNING: This book changes everything and will severely deepen your faith!
This is probably the most important book you will read this year

WHY

  • ... did the early Church split over a single Latin word?
  • ... is there a painting of Plato in the Vatican?
  • ... do we meet in Churches?
  • ... were the descendants of the apostles so hated?
  • ... are priests celibate?
  • ... is the Bible so misunderstood?
  • ... is the Western Church in decline?
  • ... so many questions?

PAPERBACK BOOK (192 pages) NOW AVAILABLE. FOR QUANTITY DISCOUNTS OR FOREIGN DEALERSHIPS CLICK HERE.

Steve Maltz is a freelance web consultant, writer, blogger and the founder of Saffron Planet, the award-winning Christian web radio initiative. He is married with three sons and two freeloading cats and lives in East London.

I would also again want to share with you how much I liked your first book. It is difficult to believe someone who did not attend seminary or bible college could take academic material and recycle it for the consumption of ordinary Chrfistians. The Lord allowed you to do a truly fantastic job by His grace. Jacob Prasch, international Bible teacher

… this important book, which if the Christian world were to take to heart would change the face of the Church as we know it today … Julia Fisher, writer and broadcaster

I believe that every pastor and ordinand in the country will benefit from reading this book … Mark Weeden, Senior Pastor, Worthing Tabernacle

Read this book; enjoy this book; but above all, learn the lessons of this book. They are profoundly important for the successful testimony of the true Church in these end days ... Chris Hill, international Bible teacher and broadcaster

He urges today’s Christians to ‘return to the very beginning, to the mindset and beliefs of Jesus and His disciples, the Hebrew roots of Christianity.’ Much food for thought in this book. I am glad I read it. The Good Book Stall

Steve Maltz takes us back to the roots of our Christian faith. He reminds us that Christians come from Hebrew stock and then explains how within the first century the church became infected with pagan thought and attitude. For many, the great Greek philosophers are only names but it was their ideas and methods that crept into Christian thinking as a pagan virus. Christian doctrine and practice has become tainted and Christians have become increasingly isolated from their Hebrew origins. Learning to think as the Christians of the first century thought is more than an academic exercise, it is the abiding challenge to walk in the way of Jesus. Whilst written in a distinctive style, readers will be rewarded by the insights this book affords. Christian Marketplace (March 2010)

INTRODUCTION

It’s a presumptuous title for a book, don’t you think?

How the Church lost The Way …

It’s a double whammy. There’s a simple angle and a clever one. Firstly, we can take it at face value and ask ourselves what has gone wrong with the Church? Actually, this is not a biting critique of the Church today. There are no crude frontal assaults at the clerical edifices or cunning strikes at the soft underbelly of the ecclesiastical world. It is merely an analysis of a series of events that occurred in the far-off past, in the formative years of the established Church. It is a reference to a process that started many centuries ago and has continued unabated ever since.

We can also look again at the title and see something else. Before the Church had got used to calling itself The Church, it was called The Way. So the implication here is that the Church didn’t just lose its way, but it lost touch with its origins. At some point in its history it stopped being called The Way.

So what? It’s just a name, isn’t it? Well, it’s a good name if you think about it. It has an air of certainty and exclusivity. For a central figure who claimed that he was not just The Way to God but the only way, this alternative name for the fledgling Church is a pretty good one. Yet once the events of the Book of Acts were all played out, the name disappears from history. And so did the certainty and the exclusivity of the message at the heart of it.

Now for the subtitle.

… and how it can find it again.

To which, your reasonable response is …

Oh yes, what makes you so sure you have the answers, if indeed there is a problem to start with?

Here is the problem.

It’s subtle, but it’s there nonetheless. It was highlighted to me recently in a Church that I was regularly attending. The memory verse for that year was to be Romans 1:16 and they proclaimed it on a card given out to Church members. It read, “I am not ashamed of the gospel, because it is the power of God for the salvation of everyone who believes ….

Sounds right, but it’s not the whole story. You see, they had missed out the last bit of the verse, “… first for the Jew, then for the Gentiles”. Also, in that same Church, a sermon series in Romans skipped seamlessly from the end of Romans 8 to the start of Romans 12, as if the missing three chapters – the key New Testament chapters on the role and future of the Jews – inhabited some parallel universe!

You may deem me over-sensitive on this issue. After all, I am a Christian of Jewish birth and that would make me over-vigilant for any whiff of anti-Semitism. And this is true, but my concern is not for myself, or for fellow Jews, but for the Church itself.

Thumbing through what is described as one of the most widely used textbooks in Christian theology1, authored by one of the most respected theologians of our age, two observations surprised and shocked me. Firstly, in the extensive index, there was not a single reference for any of the following terms, Jewish, Israel or Hebrew (or Hebraic), whether as single words or within phrases. Secondly it was stated that the key debates in the early Church on Jesus Christ were conducted in Greek and in the light of the presuppositions of major Greek schools of philosophy.

To an impartial observer studying the Bible and subsequent Christian history, it would seem that a Jewish-based faith, defined by the Bible, had become a Greek philosophy, defined by arguments birthed in the minds of Socrates, Plato and their ilk. Yes, this is a very simplistic deduction, but gut feelings often uncover crude truths, that layers of sophistication, tradition and cleverness can sometimes mask. It is surely significant that the textbook index had as many references to Plato as the apostle Paul and for Aristotle just double the total and add some. But, as for Moses, just a big fat zero. What was it about these Greek philosophers and their influence on Christian thought? Did God use them to shed much needed extra light on our faith? Does that mean that the Bible is insufficient for our needs? Important questions, but seldom asked and rarely answered.

I have already stated that the perceived problem is a subtle one, but no way is it a trivial one. The scenarios outlined are just symptoms of a problem in the Church, a historical process that has been going on for centuries in most Churches, whatever their denomination.

The process of stripping out every trace of Jewishness from the established Church started officially as a result of a decision made in the Fourth Century AD and has been motoring along quite nicely ever since. Yet it seems to be in direct opposition to one of the Apostle Paul’s major declarations as to what the Church of Jesus Christ was to be, in his letter to the Ephesians:

“For he himself (Jesus) is our peace, who has made the two one (Jews and Gentiles) and has destroyed the barrier, the dividing wall of hostility, by abolishing in his flesh the law with its commandments and regulations. His purpose was to create in himself one new man out of the two, thus making peace, and in this one body to reconcile both of them to God through the cross, by which he put to death their hostility.” (Ephesians 2:14-16.)

Speaking first in metaphor we see that God’s purpose was that the Body of Christ should be a mixed-race man, part Jew, part Gentile. What this means is that the Church was always meant to have Jewish and Gentile elements. The fact that this has never really happened in history does not prove God wrong, it just paints the Church as unfulfilled. The Church was meant to be an entity with Jew and Gentile at peace and reconciled and no-one can ever claim that it has ever got even close to that ideal. But it doesn’t mean that it is never going to happen because God’s word does not lie. It’s going to happen and some people claim they know how it is going to happen. So are they right or are they wrong? We can only answer that once we find out what they are saying.

The “One New Man” movement that has recently appeared in the USA is to be commended in that it seeks to restore the Hebrew roots of Christianity, lost since the Fourth Century AD, when the established Church started its campaign of extermination of all things Jewish. But, just like a catherine wheel, going from a steady jerkiness to all out mayhem in a matter of seconds, some in the movement, after first taking it to a reasonable place, just let rip, confusing some Gentiles into believing that they had, in some way, become Jewish! It is acceptable to restore Jewishness where relevant, but not to the extent that there would be a blurring of identity and Gentiles would be seen worshipping in full Jewish garb, going to Yiddish classes and eating Kosher. This can’t be right. Someone lit the fuse and the whole lot has gone all gefilte fish!

This has been something that has troubled me for many years. It is OK to bring back the Jewish elements, but surely God was speaking about a balance between Jew and Gentile? Surely folk could see that a mainly Jewish Church is no more the answer than the mainly Gentile Church that has been the status-quo for sixteen centuries. Isn’t God talking about a balanced arrangement here? If He is, then there is some serious rethinking to be done.

As I sit in Churches, I wonder how much that I see and hear would be different if Paul’s “One New Man” declaration had caught on. Would there still be icons, statues and murals? Would there be Churches and Cathedrals as we know it, at all? Would the structures and hierarchies be any different? What about worship styles and liturgies? Then my mind wandered as it wondered. What about the catering? Would Alpha courses become Aleph courses? Will we all be singing choruses in Hebrew? Would the preacher need coaching in stand-up comedy? My imagination was stirred. So I decided to investigate further.

PROLOGUE

We start with a mental exercise. Not an easy one, but a useful one and one that hopefully will prepare your mind for what it is about to receive. No, I am not proposing a New Age emptying of thoughts, but rather a realisation of what lies beneath them. Imagine you have just woken up to a new day. Then mentally trace through it, concentrating on your voluntary actions, rather than the more mundane (though serious) processes that actually keep your body alive. Here’s what could be a typical day.

Woke up, got out of bed, dragged a comb across my head, then realised I had just paid a homage to The Beatles. Ah, The Beatles. Memories flooded back of the previous night at the themed bar, guzzling too much food and beer, while being entertained by a rather good Beatles tribute band. Ah, The Beatles. The first worldwide celebrities of pop culture, trendsetters in music, fashion, drug taking, political agitation and communication. These hazy thoughts were swept aside by pangs of hunger and I had a full fry-up for breakfast, then went to work. Once there, I just counted the hours to clocking-off, mechanically going through the processes of my allotted tasks, but my mind focussed on the football game I was going to later …

OK, so what? Given that I’ve just described a typical day for someone living in the West in the 21st Century, there must be a purpose to the exercise. Before the great unveiling I will move to a Sunday and repeat the mental process, but focussing on the daily activities of a typical Christian.

Woke up, got out of bed, prayed and did my devotions. Slight dread but duty first, put on my ‘Sunday best’, cleanse my mind of distractions, then Church. Sit there quietly, sing the songs, listen to the sermon, mind wandering … 4,000 holes in Blackburn Lancashire, what the? … walk to the altar, take communion, polite conversation, then leave the Church, change clothes, then an afternoon in town, take in a show, some Chinese food, a few drinks. Home late at night, not looking forwards to work tomorrow, just need to get through the week until the next weekend. Get ready for bed, prayers and sleep.

Of course you may not connect with this entire list, but I guarantee there are at least some familiar aspects. Now to the big point, the climax, the denouement. If I told you that, in both lists, you are chiefly following processes flowing from the thoughts and practices of a civilisation that flourished in a land many miles eastward, many centuries ago. And that land was not the Middle East of Jesus, two thousand years ago, but rather the Greece of four hundred years or so earlier than the Christian era. And ideas flowing from that land of Greece are very much still alive and kicking. In fact they set the foundations and principles behind our daily lives in our modern world. Let that sink in for a few moments.

Look at people going about their daily lives. Some stride purposefully around, secure in their imagined immortality. They live guilt-free lives filled with pleasure. For a growing number, the working week has no other purpose than facilitating the wild excesses of the weekend. Others are not so secure. The certainties of old had been eroded, leaving behind a confusion of beliefs and philosophies. Some mix and match and hope for the best, others just retreat from the World, yet others reject everything save that which feeds their self-interests. Then there are those who just shrug their shoulders and get on with things. What will be, will be, they chant. Finally there are those who don’t care any more and have given up.

There’s nothing new under the sun. This same scenario was a perfect fit just over two thousand years ago, in the streets of Ancient Greece. The difference is that each of the attitudes painted were, for them, schools of thought and philosophy. The names will be familiar to you. The Epicurianists took meaning from modest pleasures, while the Hedonists took this to the extreme. The Eclectics were the mix and matchers, while the Ascectics turned their back on the world and its pleasures. The Sceptics just rejected everything, while the Cynics took this further and just lived for themselves. The Stoics simply put it all down to fate while the Nihilists denied any sort of meaning at all.

We may be separated from these folk by two thousand years of Christianity but the cynics (I worked that one in quite cleverly, didn’t I?) among us would wonder why our society, as a whole, seems to have rejected the certainties of the Gospel of Jesus and have slipped back into those ancient ways. To make matters worse, there are aspects of many of these philosophies in the Christian Church too. These and other Greek ideas are very much a part of the modern ecclesiastical world. So when was the Church infiltrated? When did we turn our backs and let these pagan ideas in?

The answer is simple, serious and startling and it’s the subject of this book.

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JESUS, MAN OF MANY NAMES
by Steve Maltz

Are you prepared for a new book about Jesus that does offer fresh insights without boasting new revelations? Drawing on sources from the Jewish world, ancient and modern, the author will take you on an exhilarating, lively and entertaining exploration of the life and times of the Jewish Messiah. This book has already changed the lives of Christians of all backgrounds and denominations by providing a surprising, refreshing and fresh view of Jesus the Messiah.

The most illuminating book on Jesus in recent years.

In this journey you will meet the Memra, the Angel of the LORD, Yeshua ben Yosef, the Christ, Bar Anash, Yeshu HaNotzri, Mashiach ben David. What do they all have in common - they are all names of Jesus, used by different people at different times - even by Jesus himself.

When was the last time you picked up a book on theology and read it from cover to cover? This could be the one.

If you have asked any of the following questions, then this book will help:

  • How involved was Jesus in the creation of the universe?
  • What did Jesus do before his incarnation?
  • How can Jewish People not see Jesus as the fulfilment of Old Testament prophecies?
  • How Jewish was Jesus?
  • What exactly did Jesus do to make the religious leaders so angry?
  • What was so special about Jesus' teaching methods?
  • What title did Jesus most use for himself and why?
  • What was the biggest mistake ever made and how was it covered up?
  • How was the real Jesus hidden from ordinary Jews for nearly 1500 years?
  • How did some Jews find Jesus against all the odds?
  • Who is going to be really surprised when Jesus returns?
REVIEWS

"This is excellent - well-written and well researched. Most importantly, Maltz presents the subject from a Jewish-roots perspective, vital to the proper understanding of Jesus. Another feature is highlighting the scourge of anti-Semitism, which has damaged Jewish-Christian relations over the centuries. The study of some of the key names attributed to Jesus is very revealing and enhances our understanding of his person from both the divine/eternal and human perspectives. " Mervyn Tilley, Direction, Aug 2008

"The book is incredibly well written with some great teaching. Of course like anything else this should be weighed against the Bible, but I find a well argued understanding of who Jesus was and, for me, it confirmed the fulfillment of the disputed passages that the Jews hold refer to a Messiah that they still await! This is an excellent book of Christian teaching. If you think you know all there is to know about Jesus and his earthly ministry I am sure that this skimming of the surface of Hebrew teaching will make you realise you don't know it all - there is a lot more out there to learn! (RATINGS: Biblical content 10/10, Good teaching 10/10, Intreresting 10/10)" Rob Allwright, Soteria magazine

"The book is a real eye-opener. I really do believe I have been privileged to review an important book - an extraordinary tour de force. Unquestionably this book will make a massive contribution to current thinking about Jesus at a time when both His humanity and divinity are being questioned." Chris Hill, author, broadcaster and international Bible teacher.

"Congratulations on a great book ... it is undoubtedly inspired by the Holy Spirit and written for such a time as this. Your explanation of Daniel is explosive, revealing the message hidden in all that coded language which for so long has cloaked many minds regarding the timing of future events, in particular the coming of the Messiah." Julia Fisher, author and broadcaster

"'In the beginning was the…' - finish this well-known phrase or saying without using the first verse of John's Gospel, using neither English nor New Testament Greek and by reference only to an Aramaic translation of the Hebrew Bible. Can't be done? This 'voyage around Our Father' - and His Son - will open your eyes in the best tradition of travel and exploration. Steve Maltz has a gift for combining pacy writing with crystal clear distillation of his own careful study of scholarly resources, and a firm grip on the Gospel. The result is a fascinating new landscape of insight - it's not so much Jewish roots of the Christian faith as 'Jewish knowledge' of the Gospel. The Bible-believing reader need not fear any distraction from the Word of God, only reinforcement in some unexpected places. Enjoy!" David Andrew, editor Sword magazine (was Prophecy Today)

"Jesus, The Man of Many Names is in one sense unique. Steve Maltz has been able to bridge the gap between the scholar and the ordinary Christian, and turn scholarship into a life-giving encounter with a living person. Over many years I have read and studied the subject of the Jewishness of Jesus, as well as lecturing and writing about the subject. Reading The Man of Many Names has been an inspiring experience, making the Jesus of the first century and the New Testament vibrant and real in a fresh way. Many Christians unfortunately have a vague and sometimes sentimental notion of' 'Christ' and 'Jesus', and also completely misunderstand the background to the Jewish rejection of Jesus as Messiah. This book changes all that, and the more widely it is read the better. I strongly recommend it." Derek White (Founder, Christian Friends of Israel UK)

"I was and am most interested in your style and approach. As a writer you are most readable - humourous, leading the reader on, putting things in a contemporary and user-friendly way, and with a sense of infectious joy in your discoveries. " Richard Harvey, Tutor in Hebrew Bible, Hebrew language and Jewish Studies, All Nations Christian College

"Steve writes in a lively, accessible way, that draws in and fascinates his readers. Anyone with a yen to explore the mysteries of the Scriptures and meet the totally Jewish Messiah of whom they speak will love this book." Michele Guinness, author

"I enjoyed reading this and found your style of writing to be exciting and creative with a clear pastoral and evangelistic warmth. You share with the reader many key Biblical insights into the person and work of Jesus which leads to much refreshed thinking- I hope the book does well and I will certainly be recommending it within the context of some CMJ gatherings" Rev. Alex Jacob M.A Director of Advocacy – Church’s Ministry Among Jewish People

"I'm really enjoying it. I just love the way you make what can be quite complicated theology both accessible and fun. There is some stuff which I already know but it's presented in a way which makes it enjoyable and really good revision." Kit Eglinton, web consultant and counsellor

"Written at great cost. So many veils are lifted in this book" Norma Gregory MBE

PREFACE

I will start at the end, the very last declaration in the Gospel account of Jesus.

"Jesus did many other things as well. If every one of them were written down, I suppose that even the whole world would not have room for the books that would be written." (John 21:25)

Well it's just as well they weren't all written down, otherwise we'd all be drowning in a sea of books and the trees of this world would be just a memory.

We start with a rather large number, 181,026. It's the current number of books about Jesus, available online through the Amazon bookshop. From The Laughing Jesus to What Would Jesus Eat and the Jesus of Suburbia we are presented with a puzzling plethora of academia, trivia and exotica. This man certainly made an impact, even on those who would claim otherwise and how many other figures from ancient history who wrote no book, never travelled far from his familiar haunts and died in his prime, could compete with this impact on the human psyche and the publishing industry?

This book adds to that number, but if it does not lead the reader into a fuller understanding of the life and mission of the most remarkable man who has ever lived, then I hang my head in shame. Because, even if only 1% of those 181,026 books are serious contributions, then a new book on Jesus still has to offer something special to warrant the months of blood, sweat and sleeplessness in the writing, to say nothing of freshness and relevance in the reading.

So, what's new? What is brought to the table here? As the third part of the "… of Many names" trilogy, two clues to the structure and content of this book are evident to those loyal readers. Firstly, the story of Jesus will be threaded together through a dozen or so names associated with him and, secondly, there will be a Jewish angle.

This is not the first book that looks at Jesus through Jewish eyes. The Bible was there first, though many people have not yet woken up to that fact. As there are 4,962 other books available through Amazon with the words Jewish Jesus somewhere in the title, I am not treading in virgin territory. But there's no other book around that also includes the word fresh in the title, so there is my claim for uniqueness and I'm sticking to it!

If you declare a fresh approach to a subject, the claim really needs to be backed up. So again, the question is asked, what's new?

I will answer with a provocative statement and that is, if anyone can lay a claim to know God better than most, it's the Jews. Paul said as much in Romans 9:4-5:

"Theirs is the adoption as sons; theirs the divine glory, the covenants, the receiving of the law, the temple worship and the promises. Theirs are the patriarchs, and from them is traced the human ancestry of Christ, who is God over all, forever praised!"

The Jews have been there, done that, bought the yarmulka. In any biography of God, the Jews take the role of the first wife. Their sad story is told figuratively in the book of Hosea. They marry young, it's a first love, raw and exciting. But the young bride is restless, with a roving eye for a well turned-out idol and, consequently, a marriage breakdown and a separation sought. For the ten tribes of Israel, a divorce is granted thanks to her many adulteries (Jeremiah 3:7-9), but for the remnant, a relationship is maintained. The Lord eventually betroths Himself to a new bride, a union not yet consummated, but this new relationship is more inclusive, with Gentiles grafted in to join the Jews of the remnant. So the Jews were there at the beginning, have seen the good times and the bad times, but have never ceased to search for God, even while in exile, even under the severest persecution.

Even when the World rejected them, the Jews never stopped searching. Mostly, they haven't found what they were looking for, but their search has uncovered many jewels, if not always the pearl of great price. Those jewels sparkle like stars in the sky, guiding those who have a mind to follow, to an understanding of the ways of God that can be surprising and exhilarating. And it is this search that forms the bedrock for this book.

When Nicodemus quizzed him about being born again, Jesus gently mocked him, amazed that a Pharisee, "Israel's teacher", failed to grasp his teaching. It was an understandable reaction, because if anyone was qualified to understand this new message it was he. Nicodemus was in a privileged position, perhaps unequalled in history. Here was a learned man, thoroughly acquainted not only with the Hebrew scriptures, but with the whole body of Jewish thought, "The Traditions of the Elders". He spoke the language of Jesus and could read and write in Hebrew and Aramaic, the languages of the Scriptures. And to cap it all, the greatest privilege of all, a one-to-one Bible study with the Son of God himself! We read of few such encounters but there were undoubtedly more.

We are as far away from Nicodemus as it's possible to get. Not only are we denied the privilege of the personal encounter with Jesus in the flesh, we also suffer in that we do not read and understand Holy Scripture in its original language and although we may (or may not be) conversant with the Scriptures, one glaring disadvantage of looking back 2000 years is that we are divorced from their culture, mindset, environment and religious heritage. A 21st century sophisticate, living in a secular society and educated according to principles founded on the ideas of Greek philosophy, can have little natural empathy with a 1st century religious culture, founded on a Hebraic mindset.

Looking at the scriptures afresh with Jewish-tinted glasses can be a thrilling, invigorating, faith-expanding experience. This book offers you a tiny glimpse of the possibilities. Enjoy.

INTRODUCTION

We all have our own take on Jesus. Where do your ideas come from? They certainly didn't just pop into your mind out of nowhere. You put them there, consciously or otherwise. Now thousands of books have been written about Jesus and the views expressed didn't just pop into the author's mind, they came from somewhere. Every author is writing from a given viewpoint. They may be Catholic, Pentecostal, or Church of England and will speak from within those traditions. They may be reformed, or liberal, or fundamentalist and will argue from those positions. They may be speaking from such fringe areas as Mormonism or as Jehovah Witnesses and would want to incorporate their unique slant. Or they may be totally "left field", insisting that Jesus was an astronaut/Venusian/peanut and please buy my book so I can prove it to you.

Discounting the lunatic fringe (you know who they are, even if they don't), the basic tools of the trade, apart from the scholarship and talent of the author, are the Bible as source material, the opinion of other commentators who agree with the position you are taking and an assortment of other opinions of those you are going to quote as a means of contrast. That's about it. Every serious book you have read about Jesus comes from the same structure - the Bible, your views and the views of others. And for a book to offer something new into the Jesus debate, it has to either come from a place that has rarely been mined before, or it extracts its nuggets in new ways.

This book hopefully does both. It comes from a mindset lost to the ages. It comes from a culture that birthed and nurtured our Saviour. It comes from a religious system that ultimately denied him. And, although much of the material has already been made available, a lot of it is from books of a bygone age, written in flowery language, arranged in labyrinthine paragraphs, or from the dusty halls of academia, or in the hands of those who are simply not eager to share their findings, for religious reasons. This book has been written to share such knowledge in the true spirit of democracy, in a way that even the author himself is able to understand it!

We will meet Jesus in surprising places. We will meet him at the very beginning of time, in the early days of the Jews and their struggles with God. We will see him as a fulfilment of unique promises, living as one among his people, teaching them how to live and how to understand him better. We will see what happened when his people failed to recognise him and how they covered up their mistake. We will then marvel at how some discovered him for themselves, despite incredible pressures from both within their own community and from the world that hated them in his name. Finally we will see him in power and splendour at the end of days.

This is a book mostly for followers of Jesus of Nazareth, but also for those who wonder what on earth it is all about. It's for those who are honest to admit that they don't have it 100%, that they wouldn't last 5 minutes in a room, defending all aspects of his nature and ministry, with a highly motivated sceptic.

If you have given any thought to any of the following, then this book will help:

  • How involved was Jesus in the creation of the universe?
  • What did Jesus do before his incarnation?
  • How can Jewish People not see Jesus as the fulfilment of Old Testament prophecies?
  • How Jewish was Jesus?
  • What exactly did Jesus do to make the religious leaders so angry?
  • What was so special about Jesus' teaching methods?
  • What title did Jesus most use for himself and why?
  • What was the biggest mistake ever made and how was it covered up?
  • How was the real Jesus hidden from ordinary Jews for nearly 1500 years?
  • How did some Jews find Jesus against all the odds?
  • Who is going to be really surprised when Jesus returns?

Before we get started there's one thing that needs to be made clear. Everything we need to know about Jesus with regards to our personal salvation is written in the Word of God, the Bible. This book is not going to uncover any lost truths that diminish or discredit this basic message in any way. The intention is to provide condiment to the feast, oil for the mental gears. Your faith will be gently bolstered, without leaving safe ground. Trust me, you will not be led astray.

The Bible is, as ever, our benchmark, anchor and foundation. Although we will be dipping into other Jewish writings on our journey, from the Aramaic Targums, to the Hebrew and Aramaic Midrash and Talmud, these will be taken as illustration only, to confirm the Word of God, not to contradict it; to illuminate it, not to read doctrine into it.

Yet, for most of you, you will be venturing into unexplored territory. You will not be the first to dip your toe in the water of Jewish scholarship but it can be a daunting experience for the untrained. So let me assure you that you will not be alone on this exhilarating voyage of discovery, you will receive all the gentle guidance you need. Although I have included a description and potted history of the Jewish literature we will be dipping into, in the Appendix, at the end of this book, I will also set the scene for anything that may be unfamiliar to you, as and when you need it.

This book will provide a dozen interlocking portraits of Jesus, all describing him from a different angle, but combining to provide a full picture. And the picture is so complete, so compelling, so awesome that you wonder why the Jews, particularly the learned religious scholars of the 1st century missed the point!

The book is written for those Christians who are eager to go deeper into an understanding of Jesus Christ and are willing to explore the Jewish roots of their faith, without necessarily having any prior knowledge of such things. This is not another book for scholars, although there is much scholarship within its pages. My task has been to interpret the good work of biblical, religious and historical scholars into a meaningful narrative. To aid in this process, although all references from Scripture and religious documents are included, I have only rarely included direct quotes from academics, scholars and commentators. This is to ensure a consistent flow to the narrative, not a petty arrogance. Nevertheless I have included in the Appendix, all books and articles referenced, for your further study if you so wish.

Finally, remember what Paul said about the Jewish roots: Again I ask: Did they stumble so as to fall beyond recovery? Not at all! Rather, because of their transgression, salvation has come to the Gentiles to make Israel envious. But if their transgression means riches for the world, and their loss means riches for the Gentiles, how much greater riches will their fullness bring! (Romans 11:11-12)

Greater riches for the World. This book is just the start!

PROLOGUE

There is a form of Jewish Bible interpretation known as midrash. It goes right back to Old Testament times and was well known by Jesus, who made use of it in his own teachings. It literally means to search or examine and is the fruit of the questioning nature of the Jewish soul (both a blessing and a curse). For an example, as a response to the Commandment, "you shall not murder", Jews have urged God to be more specific. Is self-defence included here? What about suicide or warfare? This is midrash. Inasmuch as the Book of Deuteronomy repeats and comments on events and laws already given in the first four Books of Moses, one could say that it is a midrash on them.

Genesis Rabbah is a midrash that comments on the Book of Genesis. It was written around the 4th or 5th century AD, drawing on traditions passed down by "word of mouth" and makes an interesting statement concerning things from before the dawn of time.

It tells us that six things were already in God's mind before the creation of the Earth; the formation of Israel, the Throne of Glory, the Law (Torah), the building of the Temple in Jerusalem, the coming of the Patriarchs, and the name of the Messiah. (1)

When I saw this list it tugged at my spirit, because there was a familiarity here that I couldn't put my finger on. Then it dawned on me and I looked up Paul's letter to the Romans, at the passage where he was answering the rhetorical question, "What have the Jews ever done for us?"

"Theirs is the adoption as sons; theirs the divine glory, the covenants, the receiving of the law, the temple worship and the promises. Theirs are the patriarchs, and from them is traced the human ancestry of Christ, who is God over all, forever praised! Amen." (Romans 9:4-5)

Look again and compare these two lists. Virtually identical. I marvelled at this and thought through the implication. Here Paul did not just show his knowledge of the Jewish traditions, the "Traditions of the Elders", but let the Holy Spirit guide him to use them in Scripture. And not just in any old place, but in this key passage that validates the Jewish people in the eyes of God. This suggests two things.

Firstly, the content in these two passages suggests that, what God had in mind before he 'lit the blue touchpaper', came to pass and that the Jewish people were central to everything. No one could read these passages and doubt the importance of the Jews in God's eyes.

Secondly, although the Bible is our benchmark for discerning God's ways, we should not immediately discard all of these "Traditions of the Elders". The key is to let the Bible be the judge and have the final say on every matter. The fact is that, on this matter, the Bible has spoken, in Paul's letter to the Romans, and seems to suggest that there is an element of truth in the oral traditions concerning the events that preceded Creation.

This is key to the rest of this book and, at this point, I want to make the following assertion: The Bible is the literal and complete word of God. All that is necessary for our salvation is in this book and there is nothing outside the Bible, in any Midrash or other "Traditions of the Elders", that can gain you an iota of favour with God. Any biblical Christian would agree with this statement, I think.

For this book to be worth reading you would expect insights into God's word and into the life and mission of Jesus and that these insights are going to be provided from Jewish traditions and observations. What you must realise, those of you who are just dipping your toes in the swirling currents of the Hebraic world, is that this is not a cunning attempt at 'judaising' you, distracting you from the straight path. Quite the reverse, really. The material in this book is going to enhance your spiritual journey, by filling in the gaps that have always been there, but have been largely unnoticed by a Church that has lost its Jewish roots so long ago that it doesn't even realise that James and Jacob are the same name!

I will take this a little further and assure you that, in this book, new insights brought from an examination of the Jewish literature would not only confirm existing Biblical knowledge but would illuminate it and, as a result, boost your faith in a God that desires only that we should know Him better.

This is not a book to mock the Church, to laugh at its mistakes and misconceptions. Believe me, when we examine how Jews have been treated historically at the hands of the Church, there is little to laugh about. It's just about restoration, renewal and return.

"His purpose was to create in himself one new man out of the two (Jew and Gentile), thus making peace" (Ephesians 2:15)

When Paul wrote these words in his letter to the Ephesians, he was an idealist, he saw the Church of God as being an equal partnership between Jew and Gentile. It never happened, but it's not too late now to start, to restore what was lost.

NOTES

1. "Six things preceded the creation of the world. Some of them were [actually] created, and some of them [merely] arose in the thought [of God] to be created. The Torah and the Throne of Glory were created … The Fathers, Israel, the Temple and the name of the Messiah arose in the thought to be created …" (Genesis Rabbah 1:4)

CONTENTS

Preface

Introduction

Prologue

PART ONE: The First Days

1. Memra

2. The Angel of the Lord

3. The Promised One

PART TWO: The Incarnation

4. Yeshua ben Yosef

5. Christ

6. Rabbi

7. Bar Anash

PART THREE: The Last Days

8. Mashiach ben Yosef

9. Yeshu HaNotzri

10. Haver

11. Mashiach ben David

PART FOUR: Eternity and Antiquity

12. The Man of Many Names

APPENDIX

A: The Traditions of the Elders

B: Recommended Reading

C: Glossary of Jewish terms

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THE LAND OF MANY NAMES
by Steve Maltz

Towards a Christian understanding of the Middle East conflict.

This book has been generally accepted in the UK as the most balanced, well-reasoned and clear explanation of the position taken by those Christians who believe that God still has a purpose for Israel today.

IT'S THE BOOK THAT HAS SWEPT THOUSANDS INTO A CLEARER UNDERSTANDING OF SUCH A THORNY AND CONFUSING SITUATION.

REVIEWS

CHRISTIAN HERALD 7/6/03 "The book has a number of strengths. It is written in an agreeable style which is accessible to the non-specialist. At the same time, Maltz manages to pack a lot of information into this modest volume. His efforts to inform his readership of different ways of reading sacred texts is commendable. Furthermore, Maltz articulates the Christian Zionist perspective in a very succinct and skilful manner … It is to be hoped that Maltz' contribution to the debate will be read, not shunned, by those taking the opposite viewpoint". Peter Riddell, Director of the Centre for Islamic Studies at London Bible College

CHRISTIANITY+RENEWAL August 2003 "This book lives up to the blurb in its style - lively, entertaining and provocative - it gives a well-researched and popular account of Israel's history from the days of Abram to Sharon … Addictive, dented some of my convictions and made me think hard" Tony Sargent, Principal of International Christian College, Glasgow

PROPHECY TODAY September/October 2003 "This author is gifted in presenting the complex historical issues in an erudite yet understandable way … I recommend this book"

MESSIANIC TESTIMONY magazine Summer 2003 "A comprehensive overview in a very readable, almost conversational way."

JOY MAGAZINE (Assemblies of God) September 2003 "I found this book a good read … I was challenged and ultimately persuaded by his thesis"

POINTERS MAGAZINE August 2003 "It is the best factual book about Israel that I have read for a long time … This is a very good buy and definitely one that I am grateful for"

C L PUBLICATIONS (Chris Hill) "Steve Maltz has written this very helpful book in a light and readable style, yet at no point is it less than well researched, cogently argued and biblically balanced."

DIRECTION MAGAZINE (Elim Pentecostals) December 2003 "I can't over-emphasise the importance of this book by Steve Maltz ... He gives a very balanced overview of the Christian's understanding of the present-day Middle East conflict."

'Steve Maltz has an evident gift for explaining complex historical issues in a simple and conversational manner, and he is to be commended for such an easily read and yet comprehensive overview of this vital period. Christians and non-Christians alike are urged to read and then rethink this whole matter.' Derek White, Founder, Christian Friends of Israel

'I believe that this book is long overdue and will challenge all who read it to recognize that God is alive and active in Israel and with the Jewish people. Steve Maltz argues his case well. It's guaranteed to provoke - it's meant to!' Julia Fisher, writer and broadcaster

"This is a helpful book to dispel some of the myths and prejudices about Israel today" Tony Pearce, Light for Last Days

"I like it. For the ones who just don't know it could prove useful, as it does address issues in a fairly simple and logical way" Roy Thurley, Director Christian Friends of Israel


PREFACE

In May 2002 I helped to man a stand at the Christian Resources Exhibition in Esher, Surrey. Folk from 21 different ministries were exhibiting under the banner Why Israel? and seeking to open dialogue with other Christians, whatever their background or perspective. Interestingly, my overriding impression from those four days was that the only people willing to discuss the matter were those who shared the viewpoints of the exhibitors. The folk at the Rediscovering Palestine stand observed similar behaviour.

This spoke volumes to me of the vast rift between those who are generally for Israel in the current conflict and those who aren't. It was not dissimilar to the family who see the Christian evangelists at the front door and hide behind the sofa, hoping they haven't been spotted through the window. They think they know what the visitors are going to say, they've heard it all before and they're not willing to start a fresh argument on the subject. 'Why don't they leave us alone?' is the cry. Yet you and I know that hiding your head in the sand is not the best answer when truth, and in this case eternal salvation, is at stake. The trouble is that this family doesn't know it!

Tragically we Christians can be ignorant of our own blind spot, our unwillingness to see the other point of view. One side would stress that Christians should pursue justice and righteousness and, as with apartheid in South Africa, should side with those whom they see as the oppressed and downtrodden, the Palestinians. Others, equally motivated by the Bible, would agree in principle, but would stress God's integrity and faithfulness in terms of Old Testament covenants in relation to the land as God's promise to the Jews. How can there be such a division between Christians on such a vital issue?

How many times have you been approached by someone and asked the question 'So what do you think about what's happening in the Middle East?' How frustrated have you been in your inability to string together a few coherent words, let alone a solid, robust argument to support your views? You are not alone. Hours of study and a PhD are the minimum requirements here for a full understanding of the intricacies and subtleties of a situation that doesn't even have a history people can agree on!

No issue has split the Christian world more than the Israel/Palestine conflict, yet there is no current issue as confusing. Millions of words have been written and spoken about it, but how much of it has truly sunk in, how much of it has made sense, how much of it has been untainted by personal opinion or editorial slant? Jews and Zionists will tell you one thing and Arabs and Arabists will tell you the opposite! Surely they can't both be right, surely there can only be one truth, one set of proven historical events that can unravel the whole mess? Unfortunately it isn't that straightforward. The situation is so complex, puzzling and emotionally charged that it is well-nigh impossible to get an objective viewpoint - it is exceedingly difficult to find historical sources with no axes to grind, commentators who could be accepted as truly impartial.

Even now you have probably got an idea of where I'm coming from and, if you haven't, I'll give you a little clue: I am an English Jew who discovered Jesus, my Messiah, some 16 years ago. This makes me biased, yes? No, because, for a Christian, the truth must always come first, despite the consequences. So the signature verse for this book is:

'God is spirit, and his worshippers must worship in spirit and in truth' (John 4:24).

Nothing is more important than absolute honesty in our worship, in how we present ourselves to God, in all our thoughts and actions. Being true to the Spirit who indwells us is paramount, and a vital part of this is our quest for the truth in all situations.

I ask you not to judge me before you have read what I have to say. Instead feel free to judge me by the fruits of what you do read. If you are left with a deeper understanding of the heart of God, a new commitment to prayer and a new, or refreshed, love for both Jewish and Palestinian people, then the fruit is good. My earnest desire is to understand God's truth about the situation in the Middle East and then to share it with others. There can only be one truth, one authentic script for the ongoing drama. The time is coming when we will all have to take a stand on this key issue and I hope that this book will provide a useful signpost for you.

With regard to the subject of this book, people tend to fall into three groups: those who believe that Israel has in some way a divine mandate; those who believe that Israel has no divine mandate in any way; and those who haven't got a clue about the matter because people in the other two groups seem equally persuasive. This book has been written for all groups, to clear away the cobwebs and to provide you with sufficient information for an informed opinion on the subject.

If, having read this book, you are still confused, then I have failed. If, having read this book, you are not spiritually invigorated and challenged, I have also failed. This is a hot topic. God doesn't want you to be lukewarm; He wants people to be His witnesses, not just to other Christians but to the world out there that has absolutely no clue what is going on and has no Rock to hold on to. What better way to introduce people to this Rock than to show them exactly who is in charge of a world situation that, humanly speaking, has no workable solution?

INTRODUCTION

Let's be clear about this now. Israel is a little place, about the same size as Wales. Surrounded by thousands of miles of oil-rich desert, it is populated by a vast, seething melting pot of different colours, cultures and cuisines. It's the holiest place for great religions whose scriptures argue against having holy places! It has a geography of extremes: snow-capped mountains in the north, lush green orchards in the west, barren desert in the south and the lowest place on Earth in the east! It is possible to start a car journey needing an overcoat in Jerusalem and be sunbathing an hour later by the Dead Sea! Can Wales boast all of that?

It's also the world's foremost political and religious hotspot, giving rise to more United Nations resolutions than all other nations put together! It's both hated and loved by more people than any other. It's the most fascinating, mysterious and intriguing place in the world. It is also the most misunderstood and confusing place. Its history is a murky web of truth, half-truth and no-truth, depending on your perspective and allegiance. Its very name provokes dissent. To Jews it is Eretz Israel, the Land of Israel. To most Arabs it is Palestine. To many Christians, confused by the whole issue, it is the simple fudge of the Holy Land.

The world has changed a great deal since the end of the Second World War. The Cold War came and went as Eastern Europe passed from repression to liberation. Two superpowers became one and Britain more or less lost her empire. The rest of Europe has voluntarily unified, by mutual consent rather than by Nazi domination. Populations moved eastwards and westwards and northwards and southwards, driven by war or deprivation. No continent has been unaffected by this mass movement of people.

Yet in one slip of land, a mere green and gold scar in the deserts of Araby, time has frozen. People are still arguing and killing each other over events that happened more than 30, 40, 50 years ago. The year 1948 provokes contrasting emotions for the people of the land - to Jews it was liberation from 1,900 years of persecution, to Arabs it was the Nakba, the catastrophe.

This book deals with the origins of the current crisis in Israel. It has been written to help you in your understanding of what is a very thorny but vital topic for the Church today. Starting with the earliest Bible promises, it includes a history of the land from biblical times through to the modern day. Finally there is a summing-up and a look to the future, with the Bible and its promises as our reference.

It is my belief that we Christians must look beyond day-to-day politics and realise that the conflict is a spiritual conflict. The sooner we begin to look at it through spiritual eyes, the sooner we will wake up to the realities of the battles being fought in heavenly realms. These are exciting times, frightening times.

PROLOGUE

The best way to approach a subject as emotive as this is to put one's cards on the table right at the start, so that there can be no misunderstandings or suspicions. To be as frank as I can, this is an attempt at a response to books that claim to represent 'different theological perspectives' but tend to lean towards just one particular perspective. In fact, of the 12 contributors to one such book, 11 are in basic agreement that the promises of God to Abraham concerning the 'Promised Land' have now been inherited by the Church and that the State of Israel is nothing more than a blip of modern history.

Do we, as Christians, go with the flow and play it safe? Do we follow the majority view just because this is taught in many Bible colleges and theological schools in the UK? The impression seems to be that a good dose of 'formal biblical and theological study' provided at these establishments will put you right on this issue and clear your mind of such nonsense as the restoration of Israel!

Does this mean that the majority of us who have not had the benefit of a formal Christian education do not have the tools to read the Bible correctly? Does this mean that only theologians are properly equipped to deal with such thorny issues as the identity of Israel and the Church? Does that mean that there's no point in consulting the Bible (particularly the Old Testament) on these matters, because we will probably get it wrong? Do we ordinary Christians not have a duty to examine the issues for ourselves? Also, how do these educational establishments arrive at their theological position? In other countries, notably the USA, the majority of schools would take a totally different perspective. Are we not all studying the same Bible?

These are good questions to ask because there is a lot at stake. Although these issues are not as vital as one's personal salvation, they are important for many reasons, not least concerning the faithfulness of God in His dealings with His people. Therefore it is essential that every Christian, whatever their educational background, should prayerfully seek the truth on such a key issue. There is no sitting on the fence here; there can only be one truth.

In August 2002 a group of evangelical Christians in the USA sent a letter to President Bush expressing their concern at what they saw as imbalance in American policy towards the Middle East conflict. One statement they made is worthy of note: 'Significant numbers of American evangelicals reject the way some have distorted biblical passages as their rationale for uncritical support for every policy and action of the Israeli government instead of judging all actions - of both Israelis and Palestinians - on the basis of biblical standards of justice.' When we get to the stage where Christians openly accuse others of 'distorting biblical passages' it is time for us to truly seek God's face and examine how there can be such a split in the Body of Christ.

The arena of conflict is the cauldron of confusion known as hermeneutics, which, for you and me, is concerned with how we should read and apply the Bible. The two key skirmishes are, firstly, how much of the Bible should be taken literally and, secondly, to what extent do we read the Old Testament in the light of the coming of Jesus in the New Testament. The trick is getting the balance right between these two factors and it is fair to say that the differences of opinion are caused by different emphases being given to each of them.

One barrier to the acceptance of a pro-Israel view in the UK is our natural conservatism, a fear of being sucked into what is viewed by some as the 'lunatic fringe'. Interpreting some key scriptures in a certain way is not necessarily going to turn you into a full-blown extreme dispensationalist or end-time fanatic, leafing through one of the hundreds of books on the subject for clues to the prophetic apocalyptic timetable. One must not be ruled by such fears and you should trust yourself with a certain degree of discernment. Don't throw the baby out with the bathwater. Be real. We should be secure enough in our views to defend them to anyone.

It is all a matter of personal integrity. Be yourself. Be blessed.

CONTENTS

Preface

Introduction

Prologue

Chapter 1: Canaan

Chapter 2: The Land of Milk and Honey

Chapter 3: Israel and Judah

Chapter 4: Judea and Samaria

Chapter 5: Palestine

Chapter 6: The Holy Land

Chapter 7: Zion

Chapter 8: Israel

Chapter 9: The 'Zionist Entity' and the West Bank

Chapter 10: The Promised Land?

Epilogue

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THE PEOPLE OF MANY NAMES
by Steve Maltz

This book pulls no punches in providing an insight into God's plan for the Jew, Christian anti-semitism and includes practical suggestions for reconciliation within the Body of Messiah.

Towards a clearer understanding of the miracle of the Jewish people.

'I am enjoying reading it, not least for the wry touches of Yiddish humour. What a saving grace it is to be able to laugh at ourselves. Not much of your information was new to me but you have put it all together in a readable and accessible way. I do hope it will reach some of those who need it most and not just Zionists.' David Pawson, international Bible teacher

‘Steve Maltz writes unashamedly as a Jewish believer in Jesus and for this reason is able to bring some very challenging insights into the Jewish people, both past and present.Derek White, founder of Christian Friends of Israel

‘Steve gives a fast paced, witty but both insightful and perceptive framework for his readers to gain a meaningful overview of the Jewish people and their relationship with God and the Nations.Fred Wright, author and Director of Chesed

‘I think it's brilliant, inspired, a great read, of interest to both Jews and Christians, a breath of fresh air – and timely! What more can I say!Julia Fisher, writer and broadcaster

'I have read about half of it so far; it is excellent. Very readable and informative.' Mark Weeden, chief minister at Worthing Tabernacle Church

PREFACE

I used to have a dream where I enter a drab airy room filled with nervous people sitting in a circle on wooden chairs. All eyes turn to me as I creep to the front, then I turn to face them and make my admission, a brave confession after years of denial. "My name is Steve and I'm a … Jew."

Why the dream? Well, the fact is that there was some truth in it, brought on by vestiges of shame from deep within my psyche. You see, I was not always upfront about my racial origins, even when confronted by direct questioning. "But you do look Jewish." "No, not me, mate, you're mistaken." I was never sure where this shame came from. Perhaps it was the desire not to be different, perhaps it was a need not to be stereotyped. Or, most likely, perhaps there was fear of rejection, the least serious of the whole gamut of emotions and reactions provoked by making the statement, "my name is Steve and I'm a … Jew." Because, let's face it, earlier generations have faced a lot worse than mere rejection.

As far as I could remember the only thing Jewish about my family was when we gorged ourselves with food at Uncle Syd's at Passover time. We even had a Christmas tree at my Nana's house every year, though I don't recollect us actually going as far as singing carols. In fact, I was the only religious person in my family, as far as I could see. For as long as I could remember, up to my thirteenth birthday, I was blessed (or cursed?) with the weekly visit of Rabbi Jacobs. He was the one who taught me to be a Jew. I became the World authority on Deuteronomy 12. I could read it forwards and backwards, sing it, even yodel it. My whole reason for being, in a Jewish sense, was to learn that passage until it permeated every pore of my body. And the whole reason behind that was that, on some fateful day in some far-off time, I would be able to stand up in confidence at the front of a Synagogue congregation at the time of my Barmitzvah and sing that passage with the unwavering voice of a pre-pubescent Cantor. And the whole reason behind that was that my dad, a few rows ahead of me, and my mum, hidden among the hats in the gallery, could get that warm glow of satisfaction that only comes from the knowledge that you've brought up your son in a proper Jewish manner. That's what being Jewish was to me. I could say that with confidence because, the day after my Barmitzvah, there was no Rabbi Jacobs, no Hebrew lessons, no Deuteronomy 12. At last I didn't have to be Jewish any more, I could be like everyone else!

Deprived of Jewish friends from childhood, due to having a private Hebrew tutor, I drifted more towards Gentiles. If it was up to me I would have hidden my Jewishness under a bush at the school entrance. As things were, my religion was down on the register. I was excused RE and worship in the chapel, being given far more interesting things to do such as learning Braille and corresponding with blind kids. We occasionally had to sit through the odd RE lesson, though, curiously, I can't remember anything about religion being taught. Of the Jewish boys in my class I was only friendly with two of them, one a committed Zionist, no doubt by now a respected settler in Israel and the other a rabid Atheist. The others were more typically Jewish and at least two of them grew up to become very high achievers. One is now a highly acclaimed Q.C. and the other a nationally known journalist.

At eighteen I left for University. At last real freedom and this time I not so much left my Jewish identity behind as buried it 12 foot underground! It wasn't without a great deal of shame, and, later, regret, that I went through my three years at college as a WASP (White Anglo Saxon Protestant, or, in my case, Weak Anti Social Person). This was fine until the last month, of my last term, of my last year, just after Finals, when I inexplicably fell for a Christian girl and I was introduced to Jesus and my life was never to be the same again. But that's another book!

Why should I be ashamed of my heritage? I wasn't alone, I knew of many family friends who changed their surnames after the Second World War, to distance themselves from the shame of the Holocaust and the realities of post-war anti-Semitism. Would they have done the same if they had been born Greek, or Swedish, or Icelandish? I very much doubt it. Being Jewish has always been a provocation to others around you, whoever they are, whatever period of history you are living in. Don't you find that strange?

It is strange and really needs to be examined.

Steve Maltz London 2004.

INTRODUCTION

We Jews are a strange people. Buffeted and battered by the forces of history, we survive with our senses intact. Our story is perhaps the saddest of all, yet we have helped to give humour to the world! A race that was being systematically slaughtered by Nazi brutes in Europe was, at the same time, entertaining America on stage and screen. A people who have, on the world stage, produced the highest proportion to size of Nobel Prize winners have been persecuted and reviled and forced into Jewish ghettos. A folk who provided Gentiles, in Jesus of Nazareth, with a saviour and inspiration are tortured and killed in the name of the same man.

Why can't they all just leave us alone - to create, invent, compose and entertain - and find another people to torment? What's it all about? So, the Jews are meant to be different, the 'chosen people'. As Tevya said in The Fiddler in the Roof, 'Maybe we've had enough of being chosen, Lord, can't you go and choose someone else - if just for one day?' Do we feel the same way? Does our chosen-ness mean anything to us now, in the 21st Century? Sure, it's a source of great pride when we look at the achievements of our people, often against great odds. But we don't like reading and hearing about the other side, the Holocaust and the pogroms. Yet they both work together, they are both part of the same package, like strawberries and cream (or should I say 'smoked salmon and beigels').

Jewish achievements in the world at large are nothing short of astounding! There are just over 13 million Jews world-wide (2000 figures), out of a World population of 6,100 million. This means that about 0.21% of the world is Jewish; about 1 person out of every 470. So one would naturally expect that 0.21% of the worlds' scientists, musicians, entertainers, writers etc. would, on average, be Jewish. Well, it hasn't worked out like that, something has gone wrong in our calculations, our decimal point has gone haywire! Just looking in the period since the mid nineteenth century we find that about 25% of the world's scientists have been Jews. That's over one hundred times too many! It has been estimated also that, in 1978, over half the Nobel Prize winners were Jewish. Over 50% of the main contributors to the progress of mankind that year coming from 0.21% of the population! But has mankind been grateful for this contribution? What do people think of the Jews?

This book has been written to look at how the World has reacted to the Jewish people over the centuries, from the time of Abraham to the modern day. We will be doing this by looking at the names given to them by their enemies, their friends and God himself and we will be pondering over the significance of the Jewish story to the times in which we now live.

"Sticks and stones may break my bones but names can never harm me." How wrong can you be if you happen to be Jewish! Names can be harmful indeed, especially when they are also accompanied by sticks, stones and whatever else can be thrown at you.

Jews certainly have been known by a whole library of names, mostly derogatory, but not all. Even God himself wasn't always complimentary, calling them stiff-necked. But He also called them the apple of his eye and this is significant. What is also significant is that, despite all this name calling, the Jews, by the very fact of surviving for so long, have managed to confound all models of history. The historian, Arnold Toynbee, who couldn't fit them into any of the usual moulds, just dismissed them as fossils of history. Oh yes? How many fossils do you know that account for 25% of the world's scientists since the mid nineteenth century? The Jews are certainly an interesting people.

We will begin by considering the question, who exactly is a Jew? At a time of unprecedented mixing between the races we find ourselves in a society inhabited by folk of all hues and mixtures of traditions. My own children have the culturally confused heritage of English secular Judaism mixed with Polish Catholicism. My wife comes from a German/Polish background; her German mother is an Atheist and her Polish father was a Catholic. What does that make our children? According to one definition they are not Jewish by birth, but another tradition would make them as Jewish as they wish to be and yet another tradition, the Nazi one, albeit for the wrong purposes, would make them Jewish on account of their grandparents' background and nothing else. If you go to Israel and expect to see a nation of olive skin and brown eyes you'll be surprised at the blond hair and blue eyes you'll see, even in that bastion of national identity, the Israeli Army. These days, contrary to the belief of some, you can't measure your Jewishness by the size of your nose. Mind you I am reminded of a true story of a friend, a Gentile, who only discovered when he was in his twenties that his father was Jewish. His first words at this discovery were, 'Ah, so that explains the nose!' This story aside, we need a better way of defining Jewishness and we do this in our first Chapter, when we look at the question of origins.

But what of today? What do modern Jews think of their identity? There is a certain degree of pride. After all, Jewish people have impacted the world in so many different spheres and have influenced the thinking of the world so dramatically, that we need to look deeper at this situation. The three men who have, arguably, most influenced the 20th century, Albert Einstein, Sigmund Freud and Karl Marx, were all Jewish, as were the founders of two of the main world religions, Judaism and Christianity. Even Mohammed, the founder of Islam, drew greatly from Jewish sources. I'm sure someday someone will discover that the Buddha was a victim of the first Diaspora who got lost and ended up in India!

Like it or not, we Jews are pretty religious too. There is a joke that is told, in various forms, by Jews the world over. It goes something like this, in a heavy Yiddish accent:

Sadie Cohen, an elderly Jewish lady from New York goes to her travel agent. "I vont to go to India."

"Mrs Cohen, India! It's filthy, it's too hot, and it's full of brown people!"

"I vont to go to India."

"But it's a long journey. And what will you eat? The food's too hot and spicy. You can't drink the water, you can't eat fresh fruit or vegetables. You'll get ill. Plague, cholera, typhoid. God only knows. Can you imagine? And no Jewish doctors. Why torture yourself?"

"I vont to go to India."

So arrangements are made and off she goes. She gets there and despite the noise, the smells, the crowds, she gets to the ashram, a holy place. There she joins the long queue waiting to see the guru, the holy man. She's told she'll have to queue for three days. Out comes her knitting. Eventually she's at the head of the queue. She's told firmly that she's allowed only three words with the guru.

"Dat's OK."

She's ushered into the inner sanctum where the guru is seated, ready to bestow blessings on eager disciples. Again she's reminded by an aide that she's only got three words. Unlike every other visitor she doesn't prostrate herself at his feet. She stands right in front of him, her arms crossed, staring at him fixedly and says, "Marvin, come home."

You may laugh but Jews form a large proportion of both leaders and followers of many spiritual movements, some of them decidedly dodgy. You'll see them in yoga and meditation classes, New Age cults, Hindu and Buddhist groups. One guru had so many Jewish disciples that he called them 'Hinjews'. Jews are not always as material minded as people think, many seem to spend their lives searching to fill a spiritual 'hole in their heart'.

So, what is special about this folk? And where does it say that these people are special, chosen for some purpose? Where does it say "all peoples on earth will be blessed through you." The Bible, of course. How could the writers of the Bible have known about Einstein, Freud and Marx (though it's hard to discern what sort of blessing we received here, considering the fruits of their endeavours - the atom bomb, overpaid psychiatrists and communism), to say nothing of the scores of other major influences? How could they know about 'this one solitary life', the Jew, Jesus, written about in a famous essay?

"Here is a man who was born in an obscure village, the child of a peasant woman. He grew up in another village. He worked in a carpenter shop until he was thirty, and then for three years he was an itinerant preacher. He never owned a home. He never wrote a book. He never held an office. He never had a family. He never went to college. He never put his foot inside a big city. He never travelled more than two hundred miles from the place where he was born. He never did one of the things that usually accompany greatness. He had no credentials but himself ... I am far within the mark when I say that all the armies that ever marched, all the navies that ever were built; all the parliaments that ever sat and all the kings that ever reigned, put together, have not affected the life of man upon this earth as powerfully as has that one solitary life."

Like it or not the above is true, though the effects felt on the Jewish nation as a result of this particular 'solitary life' has been one of the tragedies of history, a subject that we will explore in later chapters.

PROLOGUE

It was an amazing deal, the likes of which had never been offered to a group of people before and never would be offered again. These people had already been through a lot, both good and bad. They had spent their whole lives wandering and wondering. It had been far worse for their parents. They had grown up as slaves and had died in sadness, their potential unrealised, in the unforgiving desert. That whole generation, bar two, had now perished and here we find their children standing on the threshold of a new chapter in their lives.

They had trudged around the desert for up to forty years, yet things could have been far worse. They had a ready supply of food and water, their clothes had not worn out and not one of them had suffered so much as a blister in their feet! And they were bolstered by great tales of miracles, involving the parting of great waters, great deliverances from their enemies and everyday provisions. And they didn't travel alone, their God travelled with them. The God who had created them and the World in which they lived, had chosen to lead them personally, through a vanguard of smoke and fire. And this same God now offered them a new deal.

It was to be an end of their fruitless wanderings. A land was being offered to them. A land where they could settle, their lifelong travels finally at an end. A land with streams and refreshing valley springs. A land with wheat and barley, vines and fig trees, pomegranates, olive oil and honey. A rich land, where copper and iron were easily mined. A land where they would lack nothing. And best of all, it would be handed to them on a plate. Vineyards and olive groves would already be established, wells already dug and large flourishing cities would be theirs, as vacant possession.

Their leader, one hundred and twenty years old, surveyed this promised land from a high pace with sadness in his heart. He knew that his days were numbered, that he was at the threshold of death, never to lead his people into this land of milk and honey. But his sadness was not for himself, but rather for the people he had led for forty years. He knew something they didn't. He knew that these blessings would never be fully realised by his people and he knew why.

You see, there were conditions attached, simple conditions. God had offered them a choice between life and prosperity on the one hand, and death and destruction on the other. To claim the former all they had to do was to love him, walk in his ways and keep his laws. This oughtn't have been difficult, partly because these laws were there for their protection, safety and well-being. They were to deserve the latter if they were to ignore these instructions and follow their own ways and turn towards the gods of the people already in the land.

They were offered life or death, blessings or curses. Choose life! pleaded the God who wanted to give them the world, but they didn't listen. True, they entered the promised land and began to conquer it and began to enjoyed the blessings offered. But they chose the dark side, seduced by the gods and the customs of the native people. As a consequence, they took around a thousand years to fully conquer the land offered to them, then proceeded to lose the lot, before being exiled from the land itself, condemned to wander the world right up to the modern era.

Such has been the lot for the Jews. Offered so much, but still going their own way. No wonder they were called a stiff-necked people. The story of Moses and the Children of Israel is not just a cautionary tale, a fable from an uncertain fantasy, conjured up by the mind of man. The story is from the pages of the world's best selling book, the Bible. It is from the fifth section, originally titled 'Words', but saddled with the title, 'Deuteronomy', a name taken from an alien culture hundreds of years after the events took place.

This is the point where we take a deep breath and discuss our frames of reference before we go any further. The Bible - that's my frame of reference. But I can't just leave it at that, as many have looked into that particular book and seen different things. So what do I see there? I see a book that speaks from God's mind to our mind and God's heart to our heart. Whether or not you believe in God is not the issue here, that's between you and Him. Whatever your background, all I ask you is to consider the possibility that there is a God, who chooses to communicate to us through the Bible.

For those of you who may view the Bible as a relic from history, with no more credibility in the real world as The Hobbit, I may be asking you to take a step in faith. But the fact remains that this is the best place to start to examine early Jewish history. Even if you consider it more fiction than fact, it is the Bible, usually in the hands of other people, that has done more to shape Jewish history than anything else.

In the view of many, the explanation from the Bible is the only one that makes sense of the history of the Jewish people to the present day. Political, historical and sociological analysis gets us nowhere on this issue. Jews are an anomaly, mere fossils according to the historian, Toynbee, as mentioned earlier. Most would say that it was the Bible that got them in the mess in the first place, but what the Bible also does is offer hope that everything that has happened to them has been for a purpose and that there is a very real possibility of a happy ending.

So, let's begin at the beginning …

CONTENTS

Preface

Introduction

Prologue

Chapter One: The Children of Promise - From Abraham to Moses

Chapter Two: The Kingdom of Priests - From Moses to Jesus

Chapter Three: Galut - Exile from the land

Chapter Four: "Christ killers" - The history of "Christian" anti-Semitism

Chapter Five: Dhimmis - How Muslims have seen the Jews

Chapter Six: The Chosen People - The rise of Christian philo-Semitism

Chapter Seven: Conspirators of Zion - Scapegoats of the World

Chapter Eight: The Jews - What Jews have contributed to the World

Chapter Nine: Yids, Kikes and Hebes - Cultural anti-Semitism

Chapter Ten: Jude! - What happened in the Holocaust and why

Chapter Eleven: Natural Branches - How God sees them. A Biblical investigation.

Epilogue: What to do next?

Appendix A : Recommended reading

Appendix B : Recommended organisations

Appendix C : A Liturgy of Reconciliation

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THE TRUTH IS OUT THERE
by Steve Maltz

Is history just a random sequence of events, or are there secret manipulations? What makes us tick? How did the World as we see it come to be? In this short book we will be delving below the surface of our existence on this planet, glimpsing at the possibilities beyond the daily routines of just getting on with life.

A unique apologetic for God without the usual cringy Christian jargon!

REVIEWS

"I thoroughly enjoyed it. It is well written and very readable" David Pawson, teacher and writer

"I've been reading your book ... it is excellent - very inspired ... I am very excited about it" Julia Fisher, broadcaster and writer

"Steve Maltz has written with a breadth of understanding that is astonishing and in a style that is immensely readable. The book is ideal for honest seekers for truth." Chris Hill, teacher and broadcaster

"t's life as we know it - but perhaps not as we've thought about it. Cosmic accident or intelligent purpose? Why are we all here - and how have we survived against the odds? Steve Maltz has a brilliant way of presenting the facts and leaving us to argue with ourselves. Go on… paint yourself into a corner - and enjoy!" David Andrew, editor of PT magazine >

"He has a way of drawing the reader in without them necessarily realising where he is taking them, and then comes the knockout blow. He makes a good case using examples such as the delicate balance of relationship between the Sun, Moon and Earth . The book is littered with scientific facts, which will appeal to men and you could easily give this to someone without unnerving them. 'Have a read of this and tell me what you think' would be a good line. Not a bad evangelistic investment this" Clem Jackson, editor of Christian Marketplace magazine>

"Be prepared to have your mind blown apart, turned upside down, scrambled and then put back together by this challenging read. It's all about conspiracy theories, evolution and twists of the media - ultimately, it's about proving the theory of the world's greatest creator;God. Providing key theories and answers, Steve does a mind-bending job ... take the challenge and scramble your mind!" (Joy Magazine)

>"I have read your book and really enjoyed it. It was a real thought provoker and just about right for a general readership. Having worked as a science graduate for 25 years I would have loved more - it is all intriguing." (Derek White, Founder Christian Friends of Israel)

Steve Maltz has a rare gift of being able to communicate complex ideas in a way that leaves you thinking that you have read the work of a genius but can still follow his argument clearly. The Truth Is Out there is a slim volume but it is packed with wisdom that is ideal for anyone who wants to have rational and theologically sound answers to some of the clever contemporary questions. This title is something of a "tardis" in that you come away thinking that you have discovered far more than a book of this size should be able to give. At 93 pages there is not the space to have in-depth answers, but the reader gets a satisfying sense of being given a good overview of Biblical responses on many of the fallible contemporary urban myths and conspiracy legends of 21st century life. A brilliant read for an evangelist to engage with a sceptic or to give as a gift for "food for thought" (Tim Leffler, The GoodBookstall.org.uk)

I read the book at one sitting and my thoughts kept wandering off at the tangents Steve offered me. Not every book I have read has done this ... Steve wants us to stop and ponder aspects of life that we should have given much more attention to than we actually have. He wanders through science, history, anatomy and art to get us to look at the wonders before us and to ask the questions that we - in our sophistication - might think are reserved for young children ... This 'light' book got me reflecting and triggered again something of the wonder of God's creation. But I am a Christian and this book was not written for me - it was written for the unbeliever to get him to ask questions that he might never had asked before. But if I get awe-struck at the God of the universe than, perhaps, the God I present will be a God who is worthy of awe from open-mouthed unbelievers who never knew that such a God existed! Would I be happy to give this book to an unbeliever? Yes. Will it bring him to faith in Christ? I think not, because it is not designed for that. We live in a society where we cannot presume that the word "God" means the same to an unbeliever as it does to the Christian. We have to take one step back from such a presumption and get the unbeliever to first of all entertain the thought that there might actually be a personal God 'out there'. This book could well do that for some people and may the LORD be pleased to use it that way. (John MacLaughlan, Sword Magazine - Prophecy Today)

INTRODUCTION

Look at the success of 'The Da Vinci code' in this decade, 'The Chariots of the Gods' in the 1960s, or 'The Late Great Planet Earth' in the 1970s. We love intrigues and mysteries, especially when there is a blurring between truth and fiction. If a major event occurs that contains just the slightest whiff of uncertainty or controversy, then watch as the conspiracy industry buds some new shoots. Some, such as the Kennedy assassination, 9-11 and the death of Princess Diana, have become mighty oaks. Others, long forgotten, have just withered and died, denied the oxygen of media attention.

Conspiracies are big news. The media industry loves them because we love them, though there's a touch of 'the chicken or egg' here - would we be bothered to see the death of Princess Diana as anything other than an accident statistic if it weren't for Al Fayed's insistence of a cover up and the gallons of newsprint spilled out in commentary and speculation? On the other hand there is something gloriously perverse in believing negative stories of the British Royal family. It is both empowering and intriguing and lifts us out of our mundane lives into the twilight world of spies and assassins. Does it matter if there's every possibility that there's not a scrap of truth in it? Why spoil a thumping good read!

Some conspiracy theories go deeper. Rather than being sparked off by a single event, they speak of shadowy organisations that have been pulling the strings of history from the year dot. These speculations have been with us ever since the birth of the 'gossip column' (about 2 days after the invention of the printing press) and have created an industry of cosmic tittle-tattle, with a legion of websites, millionaire authors and a worldwide network feeding the hungry masses.

If there is one central theme that occurs again and again it is this, who really controls the world? Many have been suggested as prime candidates. There are the secret societies of the Freemasons, the Rosicruceans, the Bildebergs, the Illuminati, the New World Order. There are the Rothschilds and the Rockefellers. There are even the veiled lizards of David Icke, ex-BBC snooker commentator and now full-time 'messiah'. There are the Jews and the Catholics, favourite scapegoats for those who are neither. Welcome on board the Paranoia Express, standing room only!

Are we throwing the baby out with the bathwater if we dismiss them all as the fruits of overactive or disturbed minds? Can there be elements of truth in some of these theories, with the secret being how to find the right mix? After all, there are the usual suspects, such as the Royal Family, The Bush family and Henry Kissinger who crop up in a number of them. Is it just a case of finding a key that fits all of the locks? Or is there a deeper conspiracy, concerned not with the machinations of individuals with agendas, but with unseen powers and forces lurking just out of view.

Just as the scientists work towards finding 'The Theory of Everything' that would explain the currently unexplainable, conspiracy theorists must surely, deep down, hanker for the real truth at the heart of our complicated world. Is history just a random sequence of events, or are there secret manipulations? What makes us tick? How did the World as we see it come to be? Is it fair to expect answers, or is it folly not to be asking the questions in the first place?

In this short book we will be delving below the surface of our existence on this planet, glimpsing at the possibilities beyond the daily routines of just getting on with life. Of course you may be quite happy with your lot, but there's surely no harm having your brain cells tickled and your soul (or whatever it is that is you) challenged. By doing so we will be discovering that perhaps there is something going on out there, perhaps even a conspiracy of sorts.

Our conspiracy has tentacles in all spheres of human life, so where it leads we will follow. We will be taken into areas of science, history, human behaviour, popular culture and religion. It's a small book, so we will do little more than dip into each, just enough to tickle the palate. If a thirst has been awakened then recommendations are made for further reading, where you will be placed in the hands of experts, who will take you further.

Of course, the very word conspiracy implies dastardly deeds, selfish ambitions and world domination, so we must tread carefully. Just be true to yourself and be prepared to evaluate not just all that you read here, but also all that you have read before.

"Truth is more of a stranger than fiction" Mark Twain.

PROLOGUE

The press had called it E-day. It was a unique event, not seen before in Britain for over 70 years and it was going to happen over Cornwall on August 11th 1999 at around 11am. It was, of course, a total eclipse of the sun and I was ready for it, in the Lake District, around 600 miles north from ground zero, but still with a reasonable view. As it turned out, most of Cornwall was in cloud when it happened but we had a good view on Brant Fell, just outside Bowness by Lake Windermere. Smug in the thought that a 90% eclipse in clear sky over the Lakes was better than a 100% eclipse lost in the Cornish clouds I stood with my family, plastic dark glasses (courtesy of a tabloid newspaper) and pin-hole projection device made from a cereal box at the ready. It didn't disappoint. We got our cosmic performance, oo-ed and aah-ed for a few minutes, then followed the sated crowd back into town for lunch.

We tend to take such things for granted, an entertainment to slot alongside the CGI-laden movies and technical wizardry of sci-fi dramas on the TV. Yet this was no illusion brought about by the manipulation of photons by indulged technicians, this was real life, a mother nature production and free!

Yet, if we only realised it, a total eclipse is a totally unlikely event, not just because it hardly happens because of the necessary celestial alignments, but because it happens at all! Patrick Moore, that monacled eccentric (and probably the finest amateur astronomer of modern times) calls it "unquestionably the finest display in all Nature" but he also says that the fact that it happens at all is "pure chance".

A total eclipse of the sun only happens because, from our perspective peering at the skies, the sun and moon seem to be about the same size, so that when the moon passes exactly in front of the sun, it blots it out to our eyes, the ultimate sun block! That's what a total eclipse is, it's simple really. There's nothing magical about that if, indeed, the sun and moon are the same size. But they are not. The sun is around 400 times larger than the moon and the only reason they seem to be the same size is that the sun is around 400 times further away from us. If the moon was 5% smaller or larger or the sun was 5% smaller or larger then there could never be a total eclipse. Or if the moon or sun were 5% nearer or further. It's a fine balance here, a slight nudge either away would deprive us of this "finest display in all Nature".

So what? You may ask. After all, eclipses have had a bad press in earlier days. They have generally been seen as portents of doom. Not surprising really as you don't expect to see a dark star-lit sky in the middle of the day time unless something dastardly was about to happen. That was the thinking in earlier times, when the phenomenon was seen as the sun abandoning the earth, usually as a result of being gulped up by a dragon or demon. The ancient Chinese used to bang away on drums to frighten away the dragon. The Incas used to fire arrows at the sky. Of course they were successful, as the sun was rescued as the eclipse finished. They had no reason to believe otherwise.

Then the scientists came along to sweet-talk us out of our panic and tell us that it's not the work of angry gods or demons, but rather a trick of geometry. This inclines us to think that maybe we are better off without such natural phenomena, but something still nags at me.

"The finest display in all Nature"

Surely this is reason enough. Only if such things matter to you, otherwise we just shrug our shoulders, mutter "seen that, done that" and carve a fresh notch on our personal bedpost of life. It may not seem important to you but surely it's worth a brief consideration. To the scientific community total eclipses have a further importance. In fact a whole scientific discipline, star astrophysics, was birthed in the late 19th century simply out of the data that is provided by observing the sun's surface during a total eclipse. Also, data produced at the 1919 eclipse helped to verify Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity. So it's not just touchy feely stuff here, we're also looking at the cold world of hard facts benefiting from this "amazing co-incidence" of factors working together to produce this phenomenon.

I've always wanted to see the Aurora Borealis, but live too far south ever to have seen it. Of course that's why they are called the 'Northern Lights'. Yet my brain tells me that it's just an atmospheric effect caused by the solar wind, an accident of optics just like the eclipse is an accident of geometry. But my heart tells me otherwise and convinces me that there are some things in life worth experiencing just for what they are, just as if they have been put in our world for that very purpose. Things that draw us out of our humdrum lives and fill us with wonder. And if such things as a total eclipse of the sun are so improbable that their very existence hangs on a thread statistically speaking, then we should appreciate them even more.

This book nudges us to consider such things as eclipses and the aurora borealis. To get to the heart of what is going on in the World, we must use all of our senses. We are not just brains on legs, there's more to us than that. Perhaps thinking deeper about this thing called the eclipse is a good place to start …

CONTENTS

Introduction

Prologue

Chapter One: Starry, starry night >

Chapter Two: The end is nigh

Chapter Three: Life, just as we know it

Chapter Four: It's all in the design

Chapter Five: Our darkest hour

Chapter Six: The eye of the beholder

Chapter Seven: Ghosts in the machine

Chapter Eight: David Beckham and the little green men

Chapter Nine: Unexpected impossibilities

Chapter Ten: That still, small voice

And finally … COST : £6 / $US 8.8 / 6.7 Euros (+ P&P first class / airmail)

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